Authorship Criteria

Jurnal Computech & Bisnis (JCB)
Published by STMIK Mardira Indonesia

1. General Principles of Authorship

Jurnal Computech & Bisnis (JCB) recognizes authorship as an acknowledgment of substantial scholarly contributions to research and an acceptance of responsibility for the integrity, accuracy, and originality of the published work.

Authorship must reflect genuine intellectual contributions to the research and manuscript. All individuals listed as authors must meet the journal’s authorship criteria, approve the submitted and final versions of the manuscript, and agree to be accountable for their contributions and the integrity of the work as a whole.

The author list must accurately represent the individuals who contributed substantially to the research. Authorship must not be granted or withheld solely on the basis of academic rank, institutional position, financial support, supervisory responsibility, personal relationships, or seniority.

JCB expects authors to determine authorship and authorship order transparently before submission and to resolve any disagreements among themselves before the manuscript is submitted.

2. Criteria for Authorship

JCB adopts the following four criteria for determining authorship. Each author must satisfy all four criteria.

Criterion 1: Substantial Scholarly Contribution

The individual must have made a substantial contribution to at least one of the following:

• Conception or design of the research.
• Development of the research methodology or computational approach.
• Design or development of algorithms, models, software architectures, or system components that constitute a significant intellectual contribution.
• Acquisition, collection, or curation of research data involving substantial scholarly input.
• Analysis, interpretation, or validation of research data and experimental results.
• Design or execution of significant experiments, computational evaluations, or systematic investigations.

Routine technical assistance or participation in a project, without substantial intellectual contribution, does not independently qualify an individual for authorship.

Criterion 2: Manuscript Preparation or Critical Intellectual Review

The individual must have contributed to drafting the manuscript or critically reviewing it for important intellectual content.

This contribution may include:

• Writing substantial sections of the manuscript.
• Critically evaluating the research methodology, analytical approach, or interpretation of results.
• Revising the manuscript to improve its scientific reasoning, technical accuracy, or scholarly contribution.
• Providing substantive intellectual feedback that improves the quality and interpretation of the research.

Routine proofreading, language editing, formatting, or administrative review alone does not qualify an individual for authorship.

Criterion 3: Final Approval of the Manuscript

The individual must review and approve the final version of the manuscript intended for publication.

All authors must have the opportunity to review the manuscript before submission and must approve any substantive revisions made during the editorial process when their approval is required.

The corresponding author must ensure that all co-authors are informed of editorial decisions and have approved the final version before publication.

Criterion 4: Accountability and Research Integrity

The individual must agree to be accountable for their own contributions and to cooperate in ensuring that questions concerning the accuracy, originality, reliability, or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Each author should understand their own contribution and be able to identify the co-authors responsible for other major parts of the research.

All authors share responsibility for ensuring that the manuscript accurately reports the research and complies with applicable publication ethics requirements.

3. Contributions That Do Not Independently Qualify for Authorship

The following activities do not independently qualify an individual for authorship unless they are accompanied by the substantial scholarly contributions and other requirements specified in Section 2:

• Providing funding or financial support without a qualifying intellectual contribution.
• Holding a senior academic, managerial, or institutional position.
• General supervision or administrative oversight of a research project.
• Routine data collection or data entry without substantial intellectual involvement.
• Routine software coding or technical implementation performed according to established specifications without substantial intellectual contribution.
• Providing hardware, software, equipment, or access to research facilities.
• Performing routine testing without contributing substantially to the research design, analysis, or interpretation.
• Language editing, proofreading, translation, or manuscript formatting.
• Providing general comments that do not materially contribute to the intellectual development of the research.
• Using personal or institutional influence to request inclusion as an author.

Individuals whose contributions do not meet the authorship criteria may be acknowledged in the Acknowledgments section, provided their contributions are described accurately and their permission is obtained where appropriate.

4. Prohibited Authorship Practices

JCB does not accept the following authorship practices.

4.1 Gift or Guest Authorship

Gift or guest authorship occurs when an individual is listed as an author despite not meeting the journal’s authorship criteria.

Examples include adding a supervisor, senior academic, institutional leader, colleague, or other individual solely because of their position, reputation, relationship, or influence.

Such practices are unacceptable.

4.2 Ghost Authorship

Ghost authorship occurs when an individual who has made a substantial contribution that qualifies for authorship is omitted from the author list without appropriate justification.

All individuals who meet the journal’s authorship criteria must be given appropriate recognition.

4.3 Honorary Authorship

Honorary authorship occurs when authorship is granted as an honor or courtesy rather than on the basis of qualifying scholarly contributions.

JCB does not permit honorary authorship.

4.4 Unjustified Exclusion of Contributors

Individuals who meet all the authorship criteria must not be excluded merely because of institutional affiliation, employment status, academic rank, nationality, or other non-scholarly considerations.

4.5 Misrepresentation of Contributions

Authors must not exaggerate, fabricate, or misrepresent the contributions of any listed author.

Any suspected authorship misconduct will be handled in accordance with the journal’s Publication Ethics and Allegation of Research Misconduct policies.

5. Author Order

The order of authors must be determined collectively by all authors before submission.

Author order should reflect the nature and extent of each individual’s scholarly contribution and the agreement of the author group.

The order must not be determined solely by academic rank, institutional seniority, supervisory position, financial contribution, or personal relationships.

JCB does not impose a universal author-ordering convention because practices may vary across research groups and disciplines. Authors are responsible for reaching a clear and mutually agreed arrangement.

The corresponding author must ensure that all listed authors agree to the final author order before the manuscript is submitted.

6. Corresponding Author Responsibilities

The corresponding author serves as the principal contact between the author group and the journal throughout submission, peer review, revision, and publication.

The corresponding author is responsible for:

1. Ensuring that all authors meet the journal’s authorship criteria.
2. Confirming that all authors have reviewed and approved the submitted manuscript.
3. Confirming that all authors agree to the author list and author order.
4. Providing accurate author names, affiliations, email addresses, and other required metadata.
5. Ensuring that author contributions are reported accurately.
6. Coordinating responses to editorial and reviewer comments.
7. Ensuring that all authors are informed of editorial decisions and material revisions.
8. Obtaining the necessary agreement from all relevant authors for any proposed change to authorship.
9. Ensuring that funding information, conflicts of interest, ethical declarations, and other required disclosures are complete and accurate.
10. Communicating promptly with the editorial team if questions concerning authorship or research integrity arise.

The corresponding author must not add, remove, or rearrange authors without following the journal’s authorship-change procedure.

Being designated as the corresponding author does not automatically confer greater authorship status or greater scholarly credit than that of other authors.

7. Author Contributions Statement

JCB requires a statement describing the contributions of individual authors to the submitted work.

Authors should provide a clear and accurate account of their respective roles in the research and manuscript preparation.

Where appropriate, the journal encourages the use of the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to describe contributions. Relevant roles may include:

• Conceptualization.
• Methodology.
• Software.
• Formal analysis.
• Investigation.
• Data curation.
• Validation.
• Visualization.
• Writing – original draft.
• Writing – review and editing.
• Project administration.
• Supervision.
• Funding acquisition.

Only roles that accurately reflect the work performed should be declared.

A contribution label alone does not automatically establish eligibility for authorship. Each listed author must still satisfy all four authorship criteria in Section 2.

The corresponding author is responsible for confirming that the contribution statement has been reviewed and approved by all authors.

8. Authorship in Software Engineering and Computational Research

Because JCB publishes research in computational methods, software engineering, information security, computational intelligence, and intelligent information systems, authorship decisions should reflect the intellectual contribution involved in the research.

Examples of potentially qualifying contributions include:

• Developing a novel computational method or algorithm.
• Designing a substantial software architecture or research framework.
• Developing a research methodology that materially advances the study.
• Designing experiments and interpreting the resulting evidence.
• Conducting substantial analytical work that informs the research conclusions.
• Developing and validating a computational model that constitutes a significant research contribution.

However, routine coding, software installation, system configuration, data entry, or implementation of predefined instructions does not independently establish eligibility for authorship.

The determination depends on the substance of the contribution and whether the individual also meets all other authorship criteria.

9. Use of Artificial Intelligence in Research and Manuscript Preparation

Artificial intelligence (AI) tools, including large language models, code-generation systems, and AI-assisted analytical tools, cannot be listed as authors because they cannot accept the responsibilities and accountability required of human authors.

Authors remain responsible for all content submitted to JCB, including text, code, references, data analysis, figures, and interpretations produced with AI assistance.

Where AI tools make a substantive contribution to the research or manuscript preparation, authors must disclose their use in accordance with the journal’s AI policy and submission requirements.

AI-generated references, code, data, analytical results, and factual statements must be independently verified by the authors.

The use of AI does not replace the intellectual contribution, review, final approval, and accountability required of every author.

Routine spelling or grammar assistance may be treated differently from substantive AI-generated research content, subject to the journal’s applicable policy.

10. Authorship Changes After Submission

Any request to add, remove, or reorder authors after submission must be submitted in writing to the editorial team by the corresponding author.

The request must include:

1. A clear explanation of the reason for the proposed change.
2. A description of the relevant contributions.
3. Written agreement from all existing authors.
4. Written agreement from any individual being added or removed, as applicable.
5. Confirmation that the revised author list and order have been approved by all relevant parties.

The editorial team may request additional information before deciding whether to approve the change.

Authorship changes will not be processed automatically. The Editor-in-Chief or an authorized editor will assess the request in accordance with the journal’s policies and publication ethics principles.

Requests made after acceptance or publication will be considered only when justified and consistent with the journal’s correction and publication ethics procedures.

The journal may suspend editorial processing while a substantive authorship dispute is being clarified.

11. Authorship Disputes

If a disagreement concerning authorship, author order, or contribution statements arises, the authors should first attempt to resolve the issue through a fair and documented discussion.

If the dispute cannot be resolved, JCB may request clarification or supporting documentation from the relevant authors or their institutions.

The journal is not ordinarily responsible for determining institutional employment matters or adjudicating disputes that require a formal investigation of research conduct. Where appropriate, the journal may refer the matter to the relevant institution or research-integrity authority.

The journal may suspend consideration or publication while a serious authorship dispute remains unresolved.

Any decision will be handled in accordance with the journal’s Publication Ethics and Allegation of Research Misconduct policies.

12. Declarations and Confirmation by Authors

At submission, the corresponding author must confirm that:

• All listed authors meet the journal’s authorship criteria.
• All authors have approved the submitted manuscript.
• All authors agree to the author list and author order.
• No qualifying author has been omitted.
• No individual has been included as an author without meeting the criteria.
• Author contributions have been described accurately.
• Relevant funding sources and conflicts of interest have been disclosed.
• The manuscript complies with the journal’s research integrity and publication ethics requirements.
• Any substantive use of AI has been disclosed in accordance with the journal’s policy.

The journal may request additional declarations or supporting documentation when necessary to verify authorship or address concerns about research integrity.

13. Editorial Assessment and Enforcement

JCB reserves the right to request clarification or supporting documentation if there are reasonable concerns about authorship eligibility, contribution statements, or the accuracy of author information.

If a potential authorship violation is identified, the journal will assess the concern fairly and confidentially, provide relevant parties with an appropriate opportunity to respond, and take action consistent with its publication ethics policies.

Depending on the circumstances and the stage of publication, actions may include requesting clarification, requiring correction of author information, suspending editorial processing, rejecting a manuscript, issuing a correction, or taking other appropriate measures.

Serious cases may be referred to the relevant institution or research-integrity authority.

The journal will handle such cases consistently with applicable publication ethics principles and the need to maintain the integrity of the scholarly record.

14. Policy Review

This Authorship Criteria policy is reviewed periodically to ensure consistency with recognized publication ethics principles, the journal’s editorial procedures, and developments in scholarly publishing.

By submitting a manuscript to JCB, authors agree to comply with this policy and to provide accurate information about authorship and individual contributions.